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Racism is a degenerate form of prejudice that leads to suspicion, hatred and persecution of a particular group or race.
Prejudice di razza troverà luogo teorico nel Positivismo e alcuni teorici sosterranno l’esistenza della differenza di razza su base biologica, affidandosi alla teoria evoluzionistica e all’ipotesi dei condizionamenti ambientali sui caratteri degli individui, con il preciso scopo di gerarchizzare le popolazioni umane tra settentrionali e meridionali, a tutto svantaggio di quest’ultime.

Su questi criteri si fonderà la legittimazione del pregiudizio di razza che, nel Novecento europeo, alimenterà il mito nazionalistico, la paura del diverso e la perdita di identità, da cui avranno origine misure di controllo sociale, che sconfineranno nell’epurazione e nello stermino degli Ebrei. Oggi studiosi e scienziati hanno abbandonato la definizione e la concezione biologica di razza, molto statica, in favore di una definizione socio- storica che considera la razza instabile e socialmente determinata.

Inoltre, nel 1978 durante la Conferenza generale di Parigi, l’ UNESCO ha emanato la Dichiarazione sulla razza e i pregiudizi razziali nella quale si afferma che

“tutti gli esseri umani appartengono alla stessa specie e provengono dallo stesso ceppo. Essi nascono uguali in dignità e diritti e fanno tutti parte integrante dell’Umanità” e ancora "All individuals and all groups have the right to be different, to be considered and accepted as such."

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Ethnocentrism Racism and Xenophobia: instructions for use

In recent days we have analyzed the stereotypes and prejudices, emphasizing the proper attitude of understanding them to limit the spread of dangerous feelings of those who consider themselves normal to the presumed abnormality differently and tend to hinder the 'integration.


Now we turn our attention to the feelings in question to understand its dynamics and effects. Let's start with ethnocentrism and xenophobia.


When we speak of ethnocentrism we refer to the belief that their culture is superior to the others. In other words, instead of trying to understand the behavior of others within a given culture, we assume an attitude that is not correct to judge any action, belief or practice just because other than our own, but considered accurate. Hence the discrimination el 'exclusion of the subject, or groups of individuals who deviate from the dominant culture and thought.
A less severe form of ethnocentrism is considered the habit of using the adjective Americans in relation to U.S. citizens, while the term also includes all the inhabitants of North and South America.


severe forms of ethnocentrism hinder communication between people.


The xenophobia, or the fear and intolerance of diversity, seen as dangerous and for this to be removed, and leads to exclusion, coupled with the feeling ethnocentric, is emerging as a defense mechanism of diversity, which threatens, in fact, the correctness of their own culture, which is considered superior.


How then ask against other cultures?


First we have to avoid three kinds of possible behaviors that generally take on and which are unfortunately wrong. What are they?

L ' anxiety, or anxious because when we do not know who we face rather than opens and focus on the communicative moment, our thoughts are focused only on this sentiment, causing fear and closing.


Take similarities rather than differences , ovvero quando non sappiamo nulla su una certa cultura e assumiamo che non vi sono differenze con la nostra.


Assumere differenza invece di similarità , ovvero quando assumiamo che tra la nostra cultura ed un'altra vi sia un divario inconciliabile, ciò non ci permette di riconoscere le cose in comune tra le due culture.



Qual'è dunque l'atteggiamento corretto da assumere nei confronti di una cultura altra?


Non occorre assumere niente, ma chiedere, conoscere e apprendere...essere disponibili cioè ad aprirsi diversity to understand the differences and similarities.

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WHY NOT 'stereotypes and prejudices continue to exist? Stereotypes and prejudices

E 'useful, we stressed about stereotypes and prejudices, but it is more useful to be aware of the fact that they are born and grow stronger in the socialization, in family and school and it is here, then you need to take action to ensure that they justify attitudes of hostility and discrimination.

Thus, they not only are learned in the process of socialization, but unfortunately continue to exist as used to achieve social returns, economic and psychological.

for social profits

because they reject you may have a break in the common thought is continuing its efforts to avoid the risk of not being understood by family and Friends;

for financial gain

are very useful in direct competition in the world of work;

profits for psychological

can be used to explain a complex world in terms of simple causes, in other words, when we say that a particular group is the source of our problems.

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few days ago we talked about intercultural and indicated the way ahead in education for its full realization in social work. But at this point is questionable ... what are the possible obstacles that threaten the cultural communication?


Stereotypes and prejudices arise as a genuine barrier to the other opening by itself, to the knowledge of different and more generally integration in multi-ethnic society .


Intercultural education has the task of disrupting these thoughts rooted in the human mind and show the error.


The last of the seven Edgar Morin proposed that knowledge for the education of the future that we be promoting the recognition of errors and illusions of knowledge.


Possamo define stereotypes and prejudices, errors and / or illusions of knowledge?
The answer is YES.


order to combat stereotypes e pregiudizi è necessario conoscerli!





Che cos'è uno stereotipo?

Lo stereotipo è uno schema di pensiero rigido, con il quale si etichetta un gruppo sociale. Questo pensiero riconduce i singoli all’interno di una categoria attribuendogli alcuni tratti negativi, che vengono generalizzati a tutto il gruppo, sulla base dell’assunzione che una credenza sia vera e senza considerare che potrebbe non esserlo. Inoltre, l’uso continuato dello stereotipo rafforza la credenza, che sia essa vera o falsa.


Che cos'è un pregiudizio?

Il pregiudizio è un opinione preconcetta non concepita per conoscenza diretta di un fatto, bensì sulla base di voci o opinioni di senso comune non verificate. C’è da aggiungere che il pregiudizio non cambia di fronte a nuovi dati conoscitivi e fa ricorso alla logica dell’eccezione che conferma la regola, per giustificare i comportamenti che si allontanano da determinati stereotipi.


Perchè nascono?

Stereotipi and biases are generated by socio-cognitive processes, such as the systematization and categorization, in which the human mind uses to understand the surrounding reality through the construction of similarities and differences. These processes activate a simplification of the manifold. The consequent reduction in the unit, these can cause erroneous negative thoughts towards those who are perceived as different and alien to our knowledge.


In conclusion

Stereotypes and prejudices are mistakes that our mind takes in the process of social categorization, similar to the errors that the human mind takes in the perception of visual illusions.




Take the example of Müller-Layer illusion.

The three segments of different sizes appear to us, but it is not ...




front of ambiguous information our mind chooses the simple answer and yet wrong.

To understand ...

If, instead of considering stereotypes and prejudices as errors of the mind during the perception of the world esterno, li consideriamo come pensieri giusti e giustificati, continueremo a determinare la diffusione di sentimenti pericolosi come l’etnocentrismo, la xenofobia e il razzismo.